FEATURE:
From the postwar generation X
ABC of the last 70 years of literature in Spain. That is the period covered by the new project volume History of English literature. Loss and restitution of modernity: 1939-2010
Figures little or no neighbors present in systems such as French literature in Spain have now become indispensable, more from the concentration and industrialization of the sector, which functions currently exercised by editors before the Anglo-Saxon style original of their constituents. Its origins are in 1959, when Carmen Balcells, after five years at the agency Acer, the Romanian writer also Vintila Horia, created his company in Barcelona. Luis Goytisolo was the first English author whom he represented. Stipulate limits on the contracts they signed the authors, rescue captives rights and improve their tax treatment were bookish great contributions to the ecosystem. She is also the cause of the installation of the Latin American Boom authors (Vargas Llosa, García Márquez ...) in Barcelona. Have emerged in its wake such notable names such as Antonia Kerrigan, Mercedes Casanovas, Raquel de la Concha, Silvia Bastos, Monica Martin, Anna Soler-Pont ..., without which neither could understand the major export of English authors and manifestation in the media of his works. In 2006 he created the literary agents association (Adal), with thirty members.
Carles Geli
BENET, JUAN
His work turned upside down in English literature of his time. He came to say it did not matter so much the story nor the commitment to transforming the world, neither the skill or intelligence to build a frame or the credibility of the characters. All that could be used, of course, but the challenge was different. So he built a style, made of sober elegance, and deployed a territory, the Region, to let your voice penetrated the secrets of the countryside, in the bowels of men and women who populate his books and in many cases, the Civil War. He made no concession: "If the writer to write the public has to kill, kill him," he once said. Collected the most sophisticated techniques of some of the best outside (Conrad, Faulkner, Joyce) and it helped to distance the English literature of his provincialism.
José Andrés Rojo
BOOM
was a great light in the shadows of the Franco regime, which would radiate and breathe more life into literature. In the late fifties and early sixties, Latin America provided a great strong literary and publishing, and some of the books that were published in Spain were made in Argentina or Mexico, then came to the country. In turn, young Latin American writers explored new literary forms and aesthetic gave a leap that would change writers and readers. Several of these authors had migrated to Europe for different reasons (work, avoiding his own dictatorship, studies, etc.). Introduced new life, rediscovered the possibilities of language and influenced the more contemporary narrative. Among them, awards and titles such as Hopscotch, the Argentine Julio Cortázar. The city and the dogs, the Peruvian Mario Vargas Llosa, Biblioteca Breve Prize in 1962, followed by the green house and Conversation in the Cathedral. In between came Three Trapped Tigers, the Cuban Guillermo Cabrera Infante, the Colonel one writes and One Hundred Years of Solitude, Gabriel García Márquez of Colombia, the Air is Clear and The Death of Artemio Cruz, the Mexican Carlos Fuentes. A literature broke the mold and taught to lose their fear of innovation.
Winston Manrique Sabogal
CENSORSHIP
Censorship was the coercive instrument of ideological vigilance on freedom of establishment. The libraries were purified, in some cases, by the savage burning of books to avoid "exposure solvents ideas, concepts, immoral, propaganda of Marxist ideas, and all that signify a lack of respect for the dignity of our glorious army attack on the unity of the motherland, contempt for the Catholic religion and all that is opposed to the meaning and purposes of our great national crusade ", according to an order of September 16, 1937 the rebellious side. A decree issued in Burgos in 1938 temporarily restricts the freedom of the press, pornographic books and literature" socialist, communist, libertarian and generally solvent. This provisional lasted until 1966 when it enacted the Press Fraga Iribarne. And worse: it is not required prior deposit, but runs could hijack entire book. The censors were not just employees. Writers such as Camilo José Cela, Leopoldo Panero, Darío Fernández Flórez were on the payroll. Interestingly, Panero was one of the censors of the hive, Cela.
Rosa Mora
CERVANTES PRIZE
is the best connection with good literary moment that stopped the Civil War in 1936. The highest award to the best writers in English. Awarded since 1976 by the Ministry of Culture, but a proposal by the Language Academies of the English-speaking countries, has become the best and most decisive since the democratic system to promote and disseminate the authors' knowledge of English class , also introduced the elect and their works in the circuit a certain knowledge (exposure to media) and popular consumption, without this award, more often in minority areas. From Jorge Guillén (1976) Ana Maria Matute (2010), through narrators and Gonzalo Torrente Ballester, Francisco Ayala, Miguel Delibes and José Jiménez Lozano, and a number of poets Gerardo Diego, Rafael Alberti, Jose Hierro, Luis Rosales and Antonio Gamoneda. The award, which could be baptized as the Nobel Prize for English literature, played with subtlety geostrategy between the Hispanic world, paying almost as many awards for English authors (19) and the other writers from other countries (17), between which include Alejo Carpentier (1977), Jorge Luis Borges (1979), Mario Vargas Llosa (1994), Alvaro Mutis (2005), Juan Gelman (2007) and Jose Emilio Pacheco (2009).
Carles Geli
White Goddess
The fact which has only two English writers (Maria Zambrano and Ana Maria Matute) in the Cervantes Prize honors gives an idea of \u200b\u200bhow things are. Or how they've been. Like many women in the workplace but few in the management of enterprises, there are many writers in bookshops but less in the history of literature. Result of progress, their number grows as we approach the present. There is, equally, the work of the two aforesaid and Carmen Laforet, Carmen Martin Gaite, Gloria Fuertes, María Victoria Atencio, Julia Uceda, Clara Janes, Esther Tusquets, Ana María Moix, Olvido García Valdés, Blanca Andreu , Cristina Fernandez Cubas, Soledad Puértolas, Rosa Montero, Almudena Grandes, Elvira Lindo or Gopegui Bethlehem. In 1985, Ramón Buenaventura Hyperion published in an anthology of poetry written by women that was a small milestone. It was called, with echoes of Robert Graves, The White Goddess.
Javier Rodríguez Marcosi
EXILE
1939, the war is over. And went into exile many of the best. Manuel Antonio Machado and ana, that man of letters who presided over the Republic, died immediately. Others survived and were finding accommodation in different places: Luis Cernuda, Juan Ramón Jiménez, Max Aub, Francisco Ayala, Jose Gaos-odd and many more. A Franco's dictatorship did not like or critical spirit and independence, and originality gave her hives, so I fought that. Those who were out they had to preserve that way of seeing the world that fought the Church and the military: open, unattached, curious, enterprising. The exiles were losing the thread with your country, because the regime turned her back, so he endorsed the countries where they arrived and left there the best of themselves. Spain rescued some to get democracy to others, finally lost.
JA Red
FALANGE
The Falange was literally writing poor and not did any great writer, although intellectual paths and some books valuable. Authors like Giménez Caballero (Genius of Spain) or Sánchez Mazas (The new life of Pedrito Andia) fascists were already before the war. Assigned to the Falange, and Lain Entralgo, Torrente Ballester, Dionisio Ridruejo, Rafael García Serrano and Alvaro Cunqueiro, among others, might have public activity in that grim period. But soon they saw the poverty of a system that ceased to be challenging even for themselves. Agustín de Foxa Madrid became popular, cutting Ernesto Giménez Caballero Czech and did not recover after the war, the brilliance and imagination that had made him the perfect ideologue. The Falange youth, challenging and cocky, of hero worship, he found his best spokesman Rafael García Serrano (Eugene or the proclamation of the spring or the true infantry).
R. Mora
GENERATIONS
Nobody is convinced by the theory of generations but used worldwide. "To understand us." Consagradísima of the 27, the other great twentieth-century classical generation is that of 50, the children of war, Mars Gil de Viedma, so to speak. The problem is not what dates to use as generational limit but what names to put into play without being unfair. Against the risk that a generation of fashion find each autumn-winter and that forgetfulness think that only young people have, just remember that at the height of, say, 1987, Rafael Alberti (born 1902) lived with Cela, Matute, Carlos Bousono, Jose Hierro, Eduardo Mendoza, Luis García Montero and Luisa Castro (born 1966).
J. Marcos Rodriguez
CIVIL WAR
literary The first trace of the war is hard: Agustín de Foxa and Madrid, the Czech court, and Rafael García Serrano, with the true infantry are sadly better (aesthetically ) early reactions of the winners, works full of descriptions offensive against the Republic, pamphlets supporting the uprising, defiant, violent, messianic ideals. A step forward will be representing Miguel Delibes (Five hours with Mario, 1966) and Camilo Jose Cela (San Camilo, 1936, 1969), first recap of the win and where the victors themselves begin to purge blame for their attitude. One step further: The skylight (1967), Antonio Buero Vallejo, or return to Region (1967), John Benet, or if you say that I fell (1973), Juan Marse, show a post-war is still at war . It was not until Javier Marías (Your Face Tomorrow, 2002-2007) and Javier Cercas (Soldiers of Salamis, 2004) to find a narrative that is not propaganda novel defense of the conquered: you know who won they lost, now meditating since the will of the grandson to understand why he did what he did not actually win. Had foreshadowed and, since 1986, Antonio Muñoz Molina with his Beatus Ille and maintained it until today, with the night of time (2009): the moral revolt against the abuse of Civil War history as told by the victors. Out there, rescue from oblivion to make the grandchildren, is also in this species Almudena Grandes National Episode six deliveries on the war that began with Agnes and joy (2010).
C. Geli
HETERODOX
English literature is full of guys who departed from the standards. Ramón Gómez de la Serna was invented greguerías and was full of oddities. Heterodoxy comes from the Golden Age, where many turned away from the established to conquer truth. Well seen, the most unorthodox of the twentieth century were the authors of the generation of 50: they were free, bright, talented and got to enjoy the pleasures of life in Spain gray dictatorship, which enshrined the fear and mediocrity as the norm as a model. The story, then, is long: there are experiments Coll Alyosha or Julian Rios, and Enrique Vila-Matas, which departed with his prose than expected, or poets Carlos Edmundo de Ory, Eduardo Scala and Eduardo Cirlot, unclassifiable always or Casariego Pedro Córdoba, who explored the most diverse to say, for example, that life can be a can .
JA Red
PERFORMERS
the theater has always played this conflict be a stage for promoting public response: the criticism of the world, identification with the characters and their problems, lyrical emotion, laughter that shattered reality, escapism. Antonio Buero Vallejo Gray addressed the vicissitudes of the dictatorship and Alfonso Sastre wanted to expose critical of the regime. Others, like Miguel Enrique Mihura or Jardiel Poncela, sought to overcome the sadness of a time through humor. Fernando Arrabal burst to disrupt the rules and push boundaries, and Francisco Nieva invented extreme and distorted figures to reflect a particular time. Luis Miguel Romero Esteo or tested mixture Riaz edge and commitment. Then came José Luis Alonso de Santos, José Sánchez and Fermín Cabal Sinisterra to account for a changing Spain. Until today, where the proposals are opened in multiple directions.
JA Red
JUAN RAMON JIMENEZ
died in exile in 1958, two years after get the Nobel Prize. It was the only master of modern English poetry he lived after the war (Unamuno died in 1936 and Antonio Machado, 1939). Metaphysics of modernism through symbolism, pure poetry, JRJ was alone, an entire literature. Influenced the most influential generation-that of 27 - and its shadow through the entire twentieth century. Preferred social poetry look in the mirror during the Franco Machado, but today the author of The Total Station is once again a reference and his poem 'Space', a composition that many place at the height of The Waste Land, TS Eliot .
Marcos Rodriguez
KAFKA
What makes Kafka a glossary of literature English? Certify that the universal letters are also part of a cultural landscape and editorial that draws 30% of the translations. In the last half century, moreover, we reviewed the older versions of the classics (from Shakespeare to Thomas Mann) and has been normalized translation direct languages \u200b\u200blike Russian or Chinese, traditionally bypassed by way of French or English. To all this must be added the work as interpreters of novelists and poets such as José María Valverde, Carmen Martin Gaite, Angel Crespo, Antonio Colinas, Clara Janes, Javier Marías and Justo Navarro.
J. Marcos Rodriguez
LITERATURE
In a poem against Franco, León Felipe assumed that the exiles had taken the song. It was partly the case. And nothing is said of literatures in languages \u200b\u200bother than English, which runway had not normalized until the end of the longa noite de pedra (Ferreiro). In the wasteland Franco began to emerge some existential islets in spasmodic version (Damaso Alonso) or off (Laforet). The agony of forty, who spoke directly with God or nothing, got a day of clouds on the street. Was opened and the social realism that often makes the art testimonial function. But not always: at the time of silence Santos Martin's inconsistency was to subvert the language of the order. The literature of the late francoism shakes the manners and its overdependence on the English tradition. Franco died and abolished censorship, not poured out of the closet works great author muzzled, as had been assumed. Old or young, the writers had to interact with a reader and not necessarily an accomplice. By targeting the third millennium, with the reader had also changed the environment of writing, and only seemed permanent Sartre that question: what is literature?
Angel L. Prieto de Paula
MARKET
editorial activity is not stopped during the war or the war. In 1939 he came to Barcelona with national troops a captain in the Legion, José Manuel Lara, who founded the empire eventually Planet. In 1944 he returned from exile the great editor Joseph Janes and that same year, the editorial Destiny, founded by Catalan de Burgos, created the Premio Nadal. The editorial became more important after the war and his award was essential to make known authors: Delibes, Sanchez Ferlosio Matute, Martín Gaite ... Bruguera was refounded and kiosks are filled with collections of the West (Marcial Lafuente Estefanía or Silver Kane). In the fifties and sixties came a stimulating book black market driven by Latin American English publishers (Losada and South America). Jose Ortega Spottorno, the son of the philosopher Jose Ortega, took over the editorial Revista de Occidente in 1940 and years later founded Alianza Editorial. It Javier Pradera and Jaime Salinas, who was the factotum of Seix Barral, launched Library Pocket Book, which was tremendously successful and continues. As Austral, Espasa Calpe, which eventually sold a million copies of the pocket edition of Don Quixote. Taurus, which was to be one of the most important publishers of thought, was established in 1955. That year, Victor and Carlos Seix Barral created Seix Barral. A decade later they Lumen, Alfaguara (the blue caps) and a little later and Tusquets Anagrama, all essential to the modernization of literary Spain. The eighties were the focus. The paradigm is the Grupo Planeta, which currently owns, among other books, Seix Barral, Destiny Critics, Espasa, Ariel, Minotaur, Temas de Hoy, Backlist, the French group Editis, bookstore chains and Bertrand Casa del Libro, and so on. Random House Mondadori groups, among other labels, Mondadori, Grijalbo Lumen, Plaza & Janes. The Group has Alfaguara Santillana, Taurus, Aguilar, Suma, General Issues, Education and the Brazilian Editora Moderna, Editora Objective, Editora Educação Fontane and One, among others. A recent major operations is the agreement between Metro and Encyclopedia Catalana to stay with veteran Edicions 62. The first decade of XXI century is marked by the contrast between large groups, small-medium publishers (Pre-Textos, Renaissance, Quaderns Cream / Cliff, Pages foam or DVD) and the flourishing of small and combative publishers (small, peripheral, or Books of Asteroid Menoscuarto, Barrel, and Barral or tightrope walker). Spain is a country of prizes, awards and unpublished works with a calculated business strategy, the Premio Nadal opened and the planet, then. Awards have been fundamental, as the Biblioteca Breve (Seix Barral) in its first stage and others like Herralde or Alfaguara de Novela, now in its second stage. Anagram Test The new thinking channeled English. In the memoirs and biographies section highlights the Comillas Award, published by Tusquets. In poetry are the Adonais, throughout the war, and more recently the Hyperion and Loewe. Among the awards are the national institutions, the Critic. The current debate revolves around e-book and future forms of reading.
R. Mora
NOBEL
searing contrast between the time of bitterness that Juan Ramon Jimenez received the Nobel in 1956, and cheered (in Spain) Camilo José Cela award in 1989. The poet of total station, On the other side or desiring and desired God was in exile and recently held in Spain. His wife, Zenobia Camprubí, was seriously ill and died four days after the award was communicated to him. Juan Ramon was not going to survive much longer than a year. Cela, who many still remember him as a censor and whose literature produced and a certain weariness, he received in the odor of crowd. The Nobel seemed little and in 1994 won the Premio Planeta succulent with the cross of St. Andrew, written certain haste and was accused of plagiarism. Also received during this period the poet Vicente Aleixandre (1977), which would add to those already granted to José de Echegaray (1904) and Jacinto Benavente (1922).
R. Mora
SUPER NEWEST
newest English poets Nine (1970), Josep Maria Castellet, born, like any other anthology own, with an air of provocation. Made with the help of Pere Gimferrer included poets and memoirists like Antonio Martínez and José María Álvarez Sarrión, writers such as Felix de Azua, Vicente Molina Foix and Ana María Moix, which gradually left the poetry of poets such as Guillermo Carnero, Leopoldo María Panero, and authors of several records, including Manuel Vázquez Montalbán and Gimferrer own. The book is great and am sad that some authors continue to write poetry. As expected, there was controversy: why were not Ullán José-Miguel, Clara Janes and Antonio Colinas, Luis Antonio de Villena, for example? The most articulate critique of the group came Skylight (Luis Mateo Díez, Agustín Delgado and José María Merino). Anyway seventy-generation version that had its narrative in the early books of José María Guelbenzu, Julian Rios, Germain Sanchez Espeso, Mariano Antolin Rato, it was all so experimental, there are names like Eloy Sánchez Rosillo, Miguel D ' or Juan Luis Panero Ors. R. Mora
OF SPANISH
has been the reconquista in the literary world.
A language a thousand years, whose presence and importance have grown parallel to the number of speakers and the quality of his literary output. If in the sixties American authors put on the international map Castilian literature in the twentieth century, since the eighties, that presence has been reaffirmed with the names that emerged from the arrival of English democracy in the mid-seventies. After the interruption of the Franco dictatorship, Spain began to recover the great spirit and creative moment that lived before the Civil War, from the shadows of the Franco regime to the refund of modernity. The diversity and plurality of literary creation abroad, in Latin America and in translations, is a growing demand with names like Javier Marías, Antonio Muñoz Molina, Enrique Vila-Matas or Arturo Perez-Reverte. Within the literary value, there is the popular commercial that has taken him to enter the market of the international bestselling writers such as Carlos Ruiz Zafon.
W. Manrique Sabogal
OBSERVATORY
Deciphering the world, ask the right questions, to adequately express their courses . The distance of the past, the observatory distant and pristine, almost as a reference is unattainable: the thinker of our time has had to toil with their ideas in the midst of contradictions and fight with the shadows. Some have explored the philosophical tradition (Emilio Lledó), others have mixed with art or literature (Rafael Argullol, Felix de Azua), have been the temptation of politics (Xavier Rubert de Ventos), literature and philology (Claudio Guillén, Francisco Rico) or even have thought from the Beatles (José Luis Pardo) . Some have been more systematic, as Eugenio Trias, who has focused his philosophy on the idea of \u200b\u200blimits and who have been fired at different targets, such as Miguel Morey and José María Ridao. Many different ways to an inexhaustible wealth.
JA Red
POETRY
P poetry and pendulum. Painted with a broad brush, the lyrics of the war - "a loaded weapon of the future" - he saw, beside the official classicism, triumphed social commitment. Their representatives were not always up to Blas de Otero and Gabriel Celaya and the generation of 50-Ángel González, José A. Goytisolo, raised the bar and truffle ethics of aesthetics to give dignity to the conversational tone. Around 1968, the newest conversation changed by experimentation until figurative poetry of the eighties, Luis García Montero, Felipe Benítez Reyes-again set foot in the land of the everyday. The poets of today do not want to kill the father but eat at the table of brother. However, the pendulum, from time to time, take a stroll on the centennial and the avant-garde repertoire. News has always been eclectic.
J. Marcos Rodriguez
POSTWAR
The post-war lasted 20 years, with two distinct stages. The first is lived under the oppressive national Catholic coercion of fascism, a dogmatic idea of \u200b\u200bthe Hispanic and a strong ideological control, which could not even escape some of the winners. The basic objective was to eradicate the ideas of the Free Institution of Education, secularism and restore the thought of Menéndez Pelayo. The university was beheaded. As Pedro Lain Entralgo belatedly say, there was a "heinous topping." The modernization process began in the fifties. Concerning as Unamuno, Ortega, Baroja, Juan Ramón Jiménez and Antonio Machado felt next. Carmen Laforet Nadal won the first prize in 1944 with nothing, and Miguel Delibes in 1948 with the shadow of the cypress is long. Writers like Matute, Sanchez Ferlosio, Fernandez Santos, Martín Gaite and Valente speak a new language. Josep Maria Castellet published Notes on contemporary English literature in 1955. The long postwar has very good reporters. Virtually all the work of Juan Marse tells the Barcelona defeated. If I say fell, Paris Blues, Round Guinardó, The Shanghai Gesture, Lizard Tails and recent dreams are Calligraphy some of its titles on these dark times. Anthony Rabin, who deserved more recognition, gave us two good stories of the postwar Barcelona: Contacts poachers and Memento mori. Juan Eduardo Zúñiga splendid trilogy focuses on the ravages of war (Largo November in Madrid, Land and Capital is a paradise of glory) in the Madrid Republican Civil War, but also addresses the war, a subject addressed in the coral and water, a novel symbolic, almost independent episodes. Luis Mateo Díez account of life in a provincial town in the fifties in The Fountain of Age.
R. Mora
QUIJOTE
The Ingenious Gentleman Don Quixote of La Mancha is not only is the most important English and one of the essential books of world literature, but one that works with the ongoing dialogue writers. Perhaps as one of the cradles of the modern novel and contain many of the keys to the current narrative. In these seventy years the classic category has been dusted off and moved closer to the people. The claim of the work of Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra and his influence in the second half of the twentieth century is obvious and the writers recognize that they belong, in the words of Carlos Fuentes, the territory of La Mancha.
W. Manrique Sabogal
REVISTAS
From the extensive but sometimes ephemeral literary periodicals, Escorial (1940-1947 / 1949-1950) deserves the first memory, for its effort to recapture the spirit of Revista de Occidente or Cruz y Raya before the war: a top-flight intellectual liberalism. She and Destiny (1937-1980), a longtime informative tone, mask the wasteland of war. In contrast, six numbers were sufficient to English Journal (1953-1955) to address the new realities of the fifties, so it was the first they felt as their own generation Aldecoa Ignacio, Fernández Sánchez Santos and Ferlosio. For his decisive header fellow poets would Insula decades. Then also remarkable job of Armadans are papers (1956-1979) Cela who led the first great bridge between the inside edge and exile. For its part, the link between the English and Latin American letters would Notebooks Hispanic. Already in the late francoism, Camp de l'Arpa (1972-1981), edited by Joseph Batllo (creator of The Bard) and Vázquez Montalbán's director, opened a window from Catalonia monthly fee that allowed the moment. Also from the periphery (Asturias) reach the postmodern theme of the crucible in the 59 numbers of The Journal of the North (1981-1990) who led Juan Cueto. Chimera Review of Books, Clarín, Turia and Letras Libres take, somehow, the relay today. Created and in 1980, Chimera is the first literary magazine for young people in democracy, a democratic culture is not Franco. The second matrix, Mexican, writing in Spain opened in 1999 and, since centuries in numbers, is a cultural magazine essay format clearly politically combative and intellectual. With a more popular emerged in the late nineties the magazine to read.
C. Geli
Sánchez Ferlosio RAFAEL
started a novel which then reneged, El Jarama, but placed him among the masters of the word. Then entertained with the antics of Alfanhui, and caught the air of the old myths and stories. He was later abducted by more than just perhaps a good summary of the narrator's will Yarfoz: "He first return to their chances of grammarian and pseudo-philosopher and then get a journalist." Things became involved in language and began to travel on issues today: the war, the reasons State, media, sports, fashion ... All played with writing complex and rigorous, attentive to every argument, and the fierceness of a radical thought, which goes to the core: move the murky waters on which stands the neat appearance of reality.
JA Red
Savater FERNANDO
Having plugged into the sound sense of the world and the artillery of words ready to intervene have been two of the brands that Fernando Savater has been with readers since she published her first book. Philosopher, to use ideas and concepts to unravel the facts and the intricacies of the people in their struggle with death enlightened citizen, for an argument for intervening in the affairs of the polis, a novelist, for the sake of counting, and man of the theater (as well as other things), by the eagerness of his words touched the audience from a stage, Savater has an emblem of joy and intelligence, his most effective weapon to shake the conscience, and has served enthusiasm to spread his passion for his reading and his teachers, one of its biggest and most rewarding skills.
JA Red
TRANSITION
modernity begins to be restored. On April 23, 1975, just months before Franco's death (Nov. 20), was published the truth about the case Savolta first novel Eduardo Mendoza. Seemed to kick off a new English narrative. But in the literary, the transition had begun earlier. With the precedent of Time of Silence (1962), Luis Martín-Santos, three very significant novels published in the second half of the sixties: Signs of Identity (1966), Juan Goytisolo, late evenings with Teresa (1966) by Juan Marse, and re-Region (1967), by Juan Benet. Transition In English readers started reading more and more interest English authors. He recovered the interruption of the war, was born the New English narrative. Javier Marias, Álvaro Pombo, Soledad Puértolas, Antonio Muñoz Molina, Julio Llamazares, Luis Mateo Díez, Juan Jose Millas, Jose Maria Merino, Jesús Ferrero, Alejandro Gandara, Ignacio Martinez de Pison, Almudena Grandes, Rafael Chirbes, Luis Landeros and many more captured the public. Was gradually declining taste for political writing, which had so interested in the seventies. Jorge Herralde, founder of Anagram in 1969, was the first to notice it and made a significant shift in its editorial.
R. Mora
URGENT
De Azorín Ortega, the English letters would not be the same without the papers. On the one hand, because there are journalists like Manuel Chaves Nogales, Josep Pla and Julio Camba who deserve their own chapter in the manual. On the other, by the hundreds of pages that have been published in the press authors such as Miguel Delibes, Francisco Umbral, Juan Goytisolo, Manuel Vázquez Montalbán, Rosa Montero and Juan Jose Millas.
J. Marcos Rodriguez
VANGUARD
English literature has had in each decade with names that broke down, a sort of avant-garde, never numerous or pronounced. Between forty and fifty neorealism allowing an interpretation of the war and its harsh consequences from a certain ethics and independence will facilitated by Rafael Sanchez Ferlosio and recognized (Nadal Prize 1956) The Jarama. The other big name is Carmen Martin Gaite, who, for example, between curtains (1957), see the ashes of war quite different. The tip of the spear, and in the sixties, the restoration of European literary modernism in Spain will be for Luis Martín-Santos. Time of silence are remnants of Kafka, Proust, Faulkner ... but above all of Joyce's Ulysses breaker. Next to him, Juan Benet will combine complexity, subtlety and style that will yield generous to the new English novel. This is already quite homologous with the third wave, near the eighties. Three conquistadors: Álvaro Pombo, and Javier Marias Javier Cercas.
C. Geli
WHISKY
As time passes, whiskey red wine and gin are being held at the anecdotes of the generation of the fifties. Children during the war and, at the height of half a century, drinkers and freeloaders - "Supporters of happiness" - the members of that galaxy polycentric form the large group of English Civil War classic, today's teachers. Narrators (the Aldecoa, García Hortelano, Juan Benet, Luis Martín-Santos, Jesus Fernandez Santos, Carmen Martin Gaite, Juan Marse, Ana Maria Matute, Juan Goytisolo), as poets (Claudio Rodríguez, Jaime Gil de Viedma, José Ángel Valente , Francisco Brines, Maria Victoria Atencio, Antonio Gamoneda) or playwrights (Alfonso Sastre, Lauro Olmo). Or as narrator and essayist (Ferlosio) or poets and storytellers (José Manuel Caballero Bonald). The distance also allows you to check that the friendship between many of them did not prevent each exploit its uniqueness: the secrecy of social realism and irony to metaphysics.
J. Marcos Rodriguez
X, Generation
The eternal mystery. The triumph of the consumer society with democracy gave way to the first generation that was in elementary school when Franco died. Since the authors had done 68, but radicalized them uninhibited promiscuity between high and low culture, library and disco. In addition, authors such as Ray Loriga in the nineties showed that this mixture could go good literature (and an army of imitators). A decade later, became pop Agustín Fernández Mallo afterpop when he published his trilogy Nutella, showing that every culture, including mass, is capable of generating their own culture.
J. Marcos Rodriguez
I
Although Spain did not enjoy a long tradition of memoirs, diaries and autobiographies in the last half century there have been writers who have cultivated this genre. One of the best autobiographies is Automoribundia English (1948), by Ramón Gómez de la Serna, while Grove lost to Rafael Alberti, runs throughout the twentieth century, also told his companions his own way by generating as Francisco Ayala, Rosa Chacel and Max Aub. Over time, the writers have been joined to the current literature the autofiction (Jorge Semprun, Carlos Barral, Juan and Luis Goytisolo, José Manuel Caballero Bonald, and Antonio Martínez Antonio Gamoneda Sarrión). The redevelopment and enhancement of the first person has important records in Carmen Martin Gaite, Esther Tusquets, Enrique Vila-Matas and Juan Jose Millas. As Andrew points out contemporary newspapers Trapiello with Hall of Lost Steps project. And beside the work of José Jiménez Lozano, José Miguel Sánchez and Luis García Ostiz Martin. A twist is the mix of narrative and non-fiction genres such as View from the bottom of the sea, Rafael Argullol.
W. Manrique Sabogal
ZAMBRANO, MARIA
was above all a thinker, because came from the tradition of the philosophers, but always had one foot stuck in poetry, so his work is full of resonances. He used imagination and metaphor to propose a knowledge that, beyond the systems knew the tiny catch subtle transformations of things.
JA Red
Article: http://www.elpais. com 26/03/2011
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